Biak-Biak, Cratom, Gratom, Ithang, Kakuam, Katawn, Kedemba, Ketum, Krathom, Kraton, Kratum, Madat, Maeng Da Leaf, Mambog, Mitragyna speciosa, Mitragynine Extract, Nauclea, Nauclea speciosa, Thang, Thom. Shellard, E. J. (1974), ‘The alkaloids of Mitragyna with special reference to those of Mitragyna speciosa, Korth', Bulletin on Narcotics, Volume 26(2), pp. 41-55. Mitragyna speciosa also goes by other names such as kakuam, kedemba, katawn, krton, ithang, ketum, thom, madat, and mambog among others.

Traditionally, ketum in Asia has been used for its stimulant effects and the dose consumed might be lower than the one consumed for recreational purposes 19 But it is also possible that local health care providers in Asia, perceiving ketum as a safe traditional herbal drink, might not attribute some of the medical problems reported by users to ketum use; this factor may indeed contribute to the underreporting of adverse effects among ketum users in Southeast Asia.

Figure 14.9. 7-hydroxymitragynine is a recently characterized psychoactive component of Mitragyna speciosa. The use of kratom has been found to aid physical and mental health, and some users enjoy its stimulating or sedating effects depending on the dose. Shamima AR, Fakurazi S, Hidayat MT, Hairuszah I, Moklas MAM, Arulselvan P. Antinociceptive action of isolated mitragynine from mitragyna speciosa through activation of opioid receptor system.

According to the statement, the agency conducted a scientific analysis using a computational model, which provided stronger evidence of kratom compounds' opioid properties.” The FDA has also released more information about the reports of deaths involved with the use of kratom, which were referenced in the agency's November 2017 public health advisory.

The coca and opium‐like effects help manual labourers (e.g., farmers, rubber tapers, machine drivers, and fisherman) and those working in the blistering heat to continue without tiring (Hassan et al., 2013 ; Suwanlert, 1975 ; Vicknasingam et al., 2010 ). Most male workers learn to use kratom from other users in the community (Suwanlert, 1975 ). In earlier periods in Malaya, when opium use was common in Malaya, those who relied on opium reportedly turned to ketum in times of opium scarcity (Burkill, 1935 ; Burkill & Haniff, kratom seeds 1930 ).

Adkins JE, Boyer EW, McCurdy CR. Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity. Mitragyna speciosa produces both depressant and stimulant effects in the (CNS) central nervous system. Jansen KL, Prast CJ. Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids.

Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Zoerntlein SW, et al. Studies on the metabolism of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant consumed throughout the world for its stimulant effects and as an opioid substitute (1).

This is an example post, originally published as part of Blogging University. Enroll in one of our ten programs, and start your blog right.

You’re going to publish a post today. Don’t worry about how your blog looks. Don’t worry if you haven’t given it a name yet, or you’re feeling overwhelmed. Just click the “New Post” button, and tell us why you’re here.

Why do this?

• Because it gives new readers context. What are you about? Why should they read your blog?
• Because it will help you focus you own ideas about your blog and what you’d like to do with it.

The post can be short or long, a personal intro to your life or a bloggy mission statement, a manifesto for the future or a simple outline of your the types of things you hope to publish.

To help you get started, here are a few questions:

• Why are you blogging publicly, rather than keeping a personal journal?
• What topics do you think you’ll write about?
• Who would you love to connect with via your blog?
• If you blog successfully throughout the next year, what would you hope to have accomplished?

You’re not locked into any of this; one of the wonderful things about blogs is how they constantly evolve as we learn, grow, and interact with one another — but it’s good to know where and why you started, and articulating your goals may just give you a few other post ideas.

Can’t think how to get started? Just write the first thing that pops into your head. Anne Lamott, author of a book on writing we love, says that you need to give yourself permission to write a “crappy first draft”. Anne makes a great point — just start writing, and worry about editing it later.

When you’re ready to publish, give your post three to five tags that describe your blog’s focus — writing, photography, fiction, parenting, food, cars, movies, sports, whatever. These tags will help others who care about your topics find you in the Reader. Make sure one of the tags is “zerotohero,” so other new bloggers can find you, too.