Biak-Biak, Cratom, Gratom, Ithang, Kakuam, Katawn, Kedemba, Ketum, Krathom, Kraton, Kratum, Madat, Maeng Da Leaf, Mambog, Mitragyna speciosa, Mitragynine Extract, Nauclea, Nauclea speciosa, Thang, Thom. Shellard, E. J. (1974), ‘The alkaloids of Mitragyna with special reference to those of Mitragyna speciosa, Korth', Bulletin on Narcotics, Volume 26(2), pp. 41-55. Mitragyna speciosa also goes by other names such as kakuam, kedemba, katawn, krton, ithang, ketum, thom, madat, and mambog among others.
Traditionally, ketum in Asia has been used for its stimulant effects and the dose consumed might be lower than the one consumed for recreational purposes 19 But it is also possible that local health care providers in Asia, perceiving ketum as a safe traditional herbal drink, might not attribute some of the medical problems reported by users to ketum use; this factor may indeed contribute to the underreporting of adverse effects among ketum users in Southeast Asia.
Figure 14.9. 7-hydroxymitragynine is a recently characterized psychoactive component of Mitragyna speciosa. The use of kratom has been found to aid physical and mental health, and some users enjoy its stimulating or sedating effects depending on the dose. Shamima AR, Fakurazi S, Hidayat MT, Hairuszah I, Moklas MAM, Arulselvan P. Antinociceptive action of isolated mitragynine from mitragyna speciosa through activation of opioid receptor system.
According to the statement, the agency conducted a scientific analysis using a computational model, which provided stronger evidence of kratom compounds' opioid properties.” The FDA has also released more information about the reports of deaths involved with the use of kratom, which were referenced in the agency's November 2017 public health advisory.
The coca and opium‐like effects help manual labourers (e.g., farmers, rubber tapers, machine drivers, and fisherman) and those working in the blistering heat to continue without tiring (Hassan et al., 2013 ; Suwanlert, 1975 ; Vicknasingam et al., 2010 ). Most male workers learn to use kratom from other users in the community (Suwanlert, 1975 ). In earlier periods in Malaya, when opium use was common in Malaya, those who relied on opium reportedly turned to ketum in times of opium scarcity (Burkill, 1935 ; Burkill & Haniff, kratom seeds 1930 ).
Adkins JE, Boyer EW, McCurdy CR. Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity. Mitragyna speciosa produces both depressant and stimulant effects in the (CNS) central nervous system. Jansen KL, Prast CJ. Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids.
Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Zoerntlein SW, et al. Studies on the metabolism of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant consumed throughout the world for its stimulant effects and as an opioid substitute (1).
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